KOTTEE

Kotte Kingdom's downfall began with an event in 1521 which became known as the "Wijayaba Kollaya". The Kotte king Vijayabahu VI's three sons mutinied and killed their father dividing the kingdom among themselves. This gave rise to three minor kingdoms, Kotte, Sitawaka and Principality of Raigama. The divided Kingdom of Sitawaka became more powerful with local popular support and Kotte Kingdom had to rely on Portuguese for help. The king of Kotte after Wijayabe Kollaya, Buvenekabahu VII, got assistance from the Portuguese in order to defeat his brother, Mayadunne. He also allowed his daughter's son, Prince Dharmapala, to be baptized as a Catholic by the Portuguese. After Buvenekabahu had named Dharmapala as his heir, he was shot - supposedly by accident - by a Portuguese soldier.

In 1565 capital of Kotte was abandoned by Dharmapala of Kotte due to frequent attacks from the Kingdom of Sitawaka led by Mayadunne and his son Rajasinghe I; he was taken into Colombo under Portuguese protection. Most of the areas of Kotte Kingdom were annexed to the Kingdom of Sitawaka however after the downfall of Sitawaka in 1594, these areas were re-annexed to the Kotte kingdom. In 1597 Dharmapala gifted the Kotte Kingdom to the Portuguese throne and Kotte era was officially ended.

The

KINGDOM OF KANDY

Kingdom of Kandy was an independent monarchy of the island of Lanka, located in the central and eastern portion of the island. It was founded in the late 15th century and endured until the early 19th century. Initially a client kingdom of the Kingdom of Kotte, Kandy gradually established itself as an independent force during the tumultuous 16th and 17th centuries, allying at various times with the Jaffna Kingdom, the Madurai Nayak Dynasty^[1] of South India, Sitawaka, the Portuguese and the Dutch to ensure its survival. From the 1590s, it was the sole independent native polity on the island of Sri Lanka, and through a combination of hit-and-run tactics and diplomacy kept European colonial forces at bay, before finally succumbing to final, British colonial rule in 1818. The kingdom was absorbed into the British Empire as a protectorate following the Kandyan Convention of 1815, and definitively lost its autonomy following the Uva Rebellion of 1817.Over the years, the Kingdom of Kandy has been known by many names. These include:

• Kanda Uda Pasrata
• The Senkadagala Kingdom
• The Kanda Udarata
• The Mahanuwara Kingdom
• Sri Wardhanapura
• Sinhalé
• Thun Sinhalaya or Tri Sinhala

RITIGALA

RITIGALA

At 766 m (2513 feet) above sea level, and 600 m above the surrounding plains, Ritigala is the highest mountain in northern Sri Lanka. The modern name Ritigala is derived from the ancient name Ariṭṭha Pabbata (Dreadful Mountain), mentioned in the Mahavamsa.

Its elevation is higher than the other main tourist attractions of the north central plains, namely Sigiriya, Dambulla and Mihintale. The significance of this topographical feature lies in the abrupt sheerness of the massif, its wooded slopes and wet microclimate at the summit. During the North East monsoon (December to February), Ritigala experiences the highest rainfall (125 cm) of entire dry zone.

The wet micro climate at Ritigala is a singular occurrence in the north central plains, the ancient Sri Lanka’s “Wewe Bandi Rata” meaning “the land of rainwater reservoirs” in Sinhalese.

          Legends abound on Ritigala. One of mysterious aspect is the belief of powerful medicinal herbs found near the crest. A herb called “Sansevi” is believed to have the power of conferring long life and curing all human pain. According to legend, all vegetation on Ritigala is protected by Yakkas, the guardian spirits of the mountain. The venerable Prof. Walpola Sri Rahula Maha Thera (1907–1997), a Professor of History and Religions at Northwestern University, a Buddhist monk scholar, in his “History of Buddhism in Ceylon, says "the term “Yaksa” denotes superhuman beings worthy of respect. It is possible that it was applied, by an extension of meaning, also to some pre-Buddhistic tribe of human beings, aboriginal to Ceylon".

The legend has it that Prince Pandukhabaya (3rd century BC) was assisted by Yakkas during his battles against his eight uncles at the foot of Ritigala. Another legend refers to a duel of two giants, most possibly Yakkas, named Soma and Jayasena. Soma being killed in the duel, Jayasena became a legend

NATURAL DISASTERS

GRADE 7

YAPAHUWA 

GRADE 7

DAMBADENIYA KINGDOM

Indian invasions in the early 13th century briefly dislodged Polonnaruwa as the royal capital and brought the royal palaces to a century-long hiatus in the north-west of the island. Vijayabahu III (1232-36) fought these invaders and retreated to build his palace on the summit of Dambadeniya, which was solidly fortified and secured by a moat, marsh and sturdy ramparts. His son, Parakramabahu II, later became king and ruled until 1270, successfully winning a momentous battle against the Indian King Kalinga who wanted to wrest control of the tooth relic. It was during Parakramabahu’s time that Dambadeniya, 30km south-west of Kurunegala, reached the height of its glory, and where the tooth relic was safeguarded.

Though excavations have not been extensive at Dambadeniya, the visitor can see remains of the palace, the temple of the tooth and six ponds (perhaps bathing pools), and climb the the rock to get excellent views. The Vijayasundaramaya, a restored 18th century temple a little walk from the main palace complex, contains Buddha images and wall paintings.

Yapahuwa Kingdom - 1273-1326

King Buwanekabahu (younger son of king Panditha Parakramabahu) chooses Yapahuwa as the capital due to security issues. This was needed because his brother Vijayabahu was dethroned and there was a threat from Chandrabanu from Java too. He conveyed tooth relic from Dambadeniya to Yapahuwa. He built Yapahuwa fortress on a rock which is very similar to Sigiriya.

Kurunegala was a safe area for a kingdom because of the Ethugala rock. The belief is that the ruins in Panduwasnuwara are of Kurunegala era. However there are some evidence saying that Panduwasnuwara was formerly constructed by king "Panduwasdew"(who was throned after Vijaya). The city has been reconstructed in the Kurunegala era. Some pictures of Panduwasnuwara are shown below.

GRADE 6

Gotaimbera

According to the Mahãvamsa (chapter 23, verse 49-54), Gotaimbara, the seventh and youngest son of Mahanaga, was born in the village of Nitthulavitthika in the Giri region. Once, his brothers cleared the jungle for cultivation, but left a smaller area for Gota, who was short and lazy, to clear. Gota got angry with his brothers and cleared the whole jungle by uprooting some giant Imbara trees using his hands. Because of this incident, his family named him Gota of Imbara, which became Gotaimbara, and he was sent to the king of Lanka for royal service

.Dagonna has been an area of Gotaimbera, one of the ten giants (ministers) of King Dutugamunu. Thus it gains a reputation in the history of the country. Devanandaramaya and the adjoining Devalaya, which is devoted to Gotaimbera, is said to be one of the places where Gotaimbera used to live, attending to agricultural activities. When he joined King Dutugamunu’s army, he made a vow that when King Dutugamunu won the war, he would build a Buddhist temple. Later, fulfilling his vow, he constructed the Devanandaramaya temple, which means satisfaction of gods. According to folklore, Gotaimbera's native village is Godigamuwa, in the western province of Sri Lanka, at Divulapitiya electorate. But he lived in Dagonna, his mother's and wife's (Aepaa Devi's) native place.

GRADE 8

"English Revolution" has been used to describe two different events in English history. The first to be so called—by Whig historians—was the Glorious Revolution of 1688, whereby James II was replaced by William III and Mary II as monarch and a constitutional monarchy was established.^[1]

In the twentieth-century, however, Marxist historians introduced the use of the term "English Revolution" to describe the period of the English Civil Wars and Commonwealthperiod (1640–1660), in which Parliament challenged King Charles I's authority, engaged in civil conflict against his forces, and executed him in 1649. This was followed by a ten-year period of bourgeois republican government, the "Commonwealth", before monarchy was restored in the shape of Charles' son, Charles II in 1660.

In The Glorious Revolution of 1688, James II was replaced by William III and Mary II as monarch and a constitutional monarchy was established and was described by Whig historians as the English Revolution.^[1] This interpretation suggests that the "English Revolution" was the final act in the long process of reform and consolidation by Parliament to achieve a balanced constitutional monarchy in Britain, and laws were made that pointed towards freedom In The Glorious Revolution of 1688, James II was replaced by William III and Mary II as monarch and a constitutional monarchy was established and was described by Whig historians as the English Revolution.^[1] This interpretation suggests that the "English Revolution" was the final act in the long process of reform and consolidation by Parliament to achieve a balanced constitutional monarchy in Britain, and laws were made that pointed towards freedom.

HISTORY 6

 10 WORRIES    

Nandhimitra was perhaps the best known and strongest of the ten giant warriors. He was the nephew of Mitta, a well known strong great general in King Dutugemunu’s army, and was named after him. It is said that he had the strength of ten elephants and that he was the most skilled mahout of the war elephants in King Dutugemunu's army. As a young child, Mitta's mother tied him to a millstone to stop him from wandering off, but his great strength enabled the young boy to drag the heavy stone behind him, thus earning the name Nandhimitra. Then his mother tied him to a larger mortar, but he was able to drag that one too and continue following his mother. Then his mother tied him to a large bamboo tree, but that he uprooted and again followed his mother. When King Kavantissa heard about this, he took him to train.

According to the Mahãvamsa (chapter 23, verse 16-44), Nimala was the seventh son of a village headman named Samgha, in the village of Khandakavitthika in the Kotthivala district. As a young man, Nimala was sent into the service of prince Dighabaya, King Kavavannatissa’s son from a lesser queen. Dighabaya, who was in charge of Kacchakatittha, sent Nimala on an errand to a Brahman named Kundali, who lived near the Cetiya mountain in the Dvaramandala village. Nimala marched the great distance of more than eighteen yojanas form Kacchakatittha to Dvaramandala, then from there to Anuradhapura to bathe in the Tissa tank, and back to his master the prince at Kacchakatittha, fetching the precious punnavaddhana garments gifted by the Brahmin, in just one day. Nimala was thus named Sura-nimala.

CIVISC 6

EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

1. Give them the impression that you’re enthusiastic about talking to them. 

2. Ask open-ended questions about their interest.

3. Adapt to their body language and feelings. 

4. Show them approval: Tell them what you admire about them and why.

5. Listen attentively to everything they say. 

6. Give them the right amount of eye contact. 

7. Reveal as much about yourself as possible. 

8. Give the impression that you are on the same team. 

9. Give them your best smile. 

10. Offer helpful suggestions. 

11. Give them encouragement. 

12. Appear to have a slightly higher energy level than the other person.

13. Say their name in a way that is pleasing to their ears. 

14. Offer to take the relationship a step further. 

GRADE 8 HISTORY

குடியேற்றக் காலம்[

இலங்கையின் முன் நவீனகாலப் பகுதி, 1505ல் போர்த்துக்கீசப் போர்வீரனும் நாடுகாண்பயணியுமான லோரன்சோ டி அல்மெய்டாவின் வருகையுடன் துவங்குகிறது. இவன் பிரான்சிசுகோ டி அல்மெய்டாவின் மகனாவான். 1517ல், போர்த்துக்கீசர் துறைமுக நகரான கொழும்பில் ஒரு கோட்டையைக் கட்டியதோடு கரையோரப் பகுதிகளை தமது அதிகாரத்தின்கீழ் கொண்டுவந்தனர். போர்த்துக்கீசருடனான பல தசாப்த கால போரையடுத்து 1592ல், முதலாம் விமலதர்மசூரியன் தனது அரசை உள்நாட்டு நகரான கண்டிக்கு மாற்றினான். கண்டி தாக்குதல்களிலிருந்து பாதுகாப்பாக இருக்கச் சிறந்த இடம் என அவன் கருதினான். 1619ல், போர்த்துக்கீசரின் தாக்குதல்களை எதிர்கொள்ள முடியாது யாழ்ப்பாண அரசு அடிபணிந்தது.

இரண்டாம் ராசசிங்கனின் ஆட்சியின் போது டச்சு நாடுகாண் பயணிகள் இலங்கை வந்தனர். 1638ல், கரையோரப்பகுதிகளை ஆண்டுவந்த போர்த்துக்கீசரை விரட்டுமுகமாக, டச்சுக் கிழக்கிந்தியக் கம்பனியுடன் மன்னன் ஒப்பந்தம் செய்துகொண்டான். அதன் பின்னர் நிகழ்ந்த டச்சு-போர்த்துக்கீசப் போரில் டச்சுக்காரர் வெற்றிபெற்றதோடு 1656ல் டச்சுக்காரர் கொழும்பையும் கைப்பற்றிக் கொண்டனர். டச்சுக்காரர் தாம் கைப்பற்றிய பகுதிகளை மன்னனிடம் ஒப்படைக்கவில்லை. இதன்மூலம் 1638ல் செய்யப்பட்ட ஒப்பந்தம் மீறப்பட்டது. இவர்களின் வழிவந்தோர் பறங்கியர் எனும் அடையாளத்துடன் இலங்கையின் சமூகத்துடன் இணைந்து கொண்டனர். இலங்கையின் இறுதிச் சுயாதீன அரசாக கண்டி அரசு விளங்கியது. 1595ல், சிங்களவரின் பண்பாட்டு அடையாளமாகவும் சமய மற்றும் அரச அதிகாரத்தை மன்னன் ஒருவனுக்கு வழங்குவதுமான புனித தந்த தாதுவை முதலாம் விமலதர்மசூரியன் கண்டிக்குக் கொண்டுவந்து அதனை வைத்து தலதா மாளிகையைக் கட்டினான். ஐரோப்பியருடனான போர் நிகழ்ந்துகொண்டிருந்தபோதிலும் கண்டியரசு வீழ்ச்சியடையவில்லை. 1739ல் வீரநரேந்திரசிங்கனின் மரணத்தையடுத்து அடுத்த வாரிசு பற்றிய சிக்கல் எழுந்தது.இவன் தெலுங்கு பேசும் நாயக்கர் மரபின் இளவரசியொருத்தியைத் திருமணம் செய்திருந்தான். அவளுக்கு குழந்தையும் பிறக்கவில்லை. நரேந்திரசிங்கனுக்கும் அவனது சிங்களப் பணிப்பெண்ணொருத்திக்கும் பிறந்த மகனான"உனம்புவே பண்டார" என்பானுக்கு அரசுரிமை இருந்தபோதிலும், வெலிவிட்ட சரணங்கர பிக்குவின் ஆதரவுடன் நரேந்திரசிங்கனின் மனைவியின் சகோதரனுக்கு அரசுரிமை கிடைத்தது. ஓராண்டின்பின், புதிய மன்னன் சிறீ விசயராசசிங்கன் எனும் பெயருடன் பதவியேற்றான். நாயக்கர் வம்ச மன்னர்கள் டச்சுக்காரரின் ஆதிக்கப் பகுதிகள் மீது பல்வேறு தாக்குதல்களை மேற்கொண்டபோதிலும் அவற்றில் எதுவும் வெற்றியளிக்கவில்லை.